대진여고1학년 2학기 기말고사 범위에 속한 Extra Reading 지문 및 한줄해석을 올립니다.
7과, 8과 각각 Extra Reading 2편씩 4편이 있는데 그 중 지문 내용이 제일 까다로운 2개을 선별해서 올렸으니 참고하시기 바랍니다.
이어지는 포스팅에서 분석 동영상 및 빈칸/어법/어휘/문단배열 등 변형문제를 올릴 예정입니다.
대진여고 1학년 2학기 기말
Lesson 7. Extra Reading 1 Technology
Whether you realize it or not, robots have become part of our lives. They work in automobile manufacturing plants and other factories that make use of automated assembly lines. They have been launched into space, sent to explore distant planets beyond the reach of humans. And as the science of robotics grows more advanced., the technology is being applied to the medical field in the form of robotics surgical systems.
The robotics industry has developed several systems for the operating room. The DaVinci surgical system was the first to be approved for use in the United States, featuring robotic arms with flexible wrists that are controlled by a surgeon using foot pedals and hand motions. It is also equipped with a three-dimensional lens system that can magnify surgical sight up to 15 times. The ZEUS system has a similar setup to that of the Da Vinci, but it has a computer workstation and a video display. ZEUS uses another robotic system named AESOP for assistance in holding and positioning a tiny camera - known as an endoscope - that films the surgery in progress from inside the patient's body and responds to voice commands.
Robotic surgery boasts some advantages over conventional surgical methods. It improves precision and accuracy by decreasing surgeon fatigue and eliminates the danger of shaky hands. It also offers improved depth preception by providing a three-dimensional view of the surgery. There are hopes that in future it will alow skilled surgeons to perform remote operations on patients hundreds of miles away, eliminating the need to transport patients to doctors. It also has the potential to drastically cut down on the number of people required to perform an operation, which would be a step toward lowering the cost of health care.
Robotic systems are greatly beneficial to doctors, but they are not without their drawbacks. They are expensive and, as with all machines, there is always possibility of technical failure, which could extremely dangerous if it were to occur in the middle of an operation. furthermore, surgeons need to go through intensive training before they can use these systems on patients.
Although robotic systems have become essential tools at many hospitals, it will be some time before we can seriously talk about a fully robotic operating room. However, efforts to utilize these robots are useful additions will continue to improve medical care.
Lesson 8. Extra Reading 1. History
In many cultures, there have been superstitious fears about witchcraft. People thought witches couldinflict harm and death by causing natural disasters and illnesses with Satan's help. In Medieval Europe, this fear materialized in the form of the "witch-hunt," resulting in tens of thousands of executions.
The first witch trials in Europe took place in the 13th century, and at the end of the Middle Ages, the fear became a craze. As the notion that all magic involved a pact with the Devil spread, legal sanctions against witchcraft grew harsher. In 1486, the publication of the Malleus Maleficarum (The Hammer of Witches), a guide for identifying, and prosecuting witches, inflamed the manic nature of the witch-hunts. Numerous innocent people were tortured and killed during the "witch craze" between 1450 and 1700. People accused of witchcraft were often minorities, the poor, the homeless, and those with unconventional lifestyles. Overall, most of the victims were women, in part because they were considered weaker than men and more susceptible to the temptations of the devil.
How did this craze happen? There have bee a variety of theories explaining its cause, and they show that there were many changes and events that facilitated witch-hunts at that time. First, some theories have pointed out that legal changes allowed for the outbreak of witch trials. *The Inquisition, which was enacted by the papacy made it legal to torture and execute people who challenged Christian doctrine. Through the use of leading questions and a variety of coercive measures, the accused would almost inevitably admit to some form of devilry. Another assumption is that the Black Death that reoccurred across Europe, mysteriously killed thousands of people in its path, influenced this socially turbulent period. It made people panic, and neighbors and friends began informing on each other in an attempt to appear innocent of witchcraft. The conflict between religious ideologies also aided the witch-hunts. After the Reformation movement started in the 16th century, clerics vigorously sermonized on the danger of witchcraft among the people, and both Catholics and Protestants were burnt as witches in each other's territories.
The witch-hunts started to decline when Europe attained social stability following the end of the Thirty Years' War in 1648. Superstition was slowly replaced by rational thought as a means to explain society's hardships in what would become the Age of Enlightenment.
Today, although most superstitions seem to have disappeared, we can't say that there is no possibility of another witch-hunt as long as a fear of the unknown still remains in the form of social intolerance or discrimination.
*The Inquisition : a court established by the Roman Catholic Church to find and punish people who opposed its beliefs.
Lesson 7. Extra Reading 1 Technology (한줄해석)
Whether you realize it or not, robots have become part of our lives.
They work in automobile manufacturing plants and other factories that make use of automated assembly lines.
They have been launched into space, sent to explore distant planets beyond the reach of humans.
And as the science of robotics grows more advanced, the technology is being applied to the medical field in the form of robotics surgical systems.
The robotics industry has developed several systems for the operating room.
The DaVinci surgical system was the first to be approved for use in the United States, featuring robotic arms with flexible wrists that are controlled by a surgeon using foot pedals and hand motions.
It is also equipped with a three-dimensional lens system that can magnify surgical sight up to 15 times.
The ZEUS system has a similar setup to that of the Da Vinci, but it has a computer workstation and a video display.
ZEUS uses another robotic system named AESOP for assistance in holding and positioning a tiny camera - known as an endoscope - that films the surgery in progress from inside the patient's body and responds to voice commands.
Robotic surgery boasts some advantages over conventional surgical methods.
It improves precision and accuracy by decreasing surgeon fatigue and eliminates the danger of shaky hands.
It also offers improved depth preception by providing a three-dimensional view of the surgery.
There are hopes that in future it will alow skilled surgeons to perform remote operations on patients hundreds of miles away, eliminating the need to transport patients to doctors.
It also has the potential to drastically cut down on the number of people required to perform an operation, which would be a step toward lowering the cost of health care.
Robotic systems are greatly beneficial to doctors, but they are not without their drawbacks.
They are expensive and, as with all machines, there is always possibility of technical failure, which could extremely dangerous if it were to occur in the middle of an operation.
Furthermore, surgeons need to go through intensive training before they can use these systems on patients.
Although robotic systems have become essential tools at many hospitals, it will be some time before we can seriously talk about a fully robotic operating room.
However, efforts to utilize these robots are useful additions will continue to improve medical care.
Lesson 8. Extra Reading 1. History
In many cultures, there have been superstitious fears about witchcraft.
People thought witches couldinflict harm and death by causing natural disasters and illnesses with Satan's help. In Medieval Europe, this fear materialized in the form of the "witch-hunt," resulting in tens of thousands of executions.
The first witch trials in Europe took place in the 13th century, and at the end of the Middle Ages, the fear became a craze. As the notion that all magic involved a pact with the Devil spread, legal sanctions against witchcraft grew harsher.
In 1486, the publication of the Malleus Maleficarum (The Hammer of Witches), a guide for identifying, and prosecuting witches, inflamed the manic nature of the witch-hunts.
Numerous innocent people were tortured and killed during the "witch craze" between 1450 and 1700. People accused of witchcraft were often minorities, the poor, the homeless, and those with unconventional lifestyles.
Overall, most of the victims were women, in part because they were considered weaker than men and more susceptible to the temptations of the devil.
How did this craze happen? There have bee a variety of theories explaining its cause, and they show that there were many changes and events that facilitated witch-hunts at that time.
First, some theories have pointed out that legal changes allowed for the outbreak of witch trials. *The Inquisition, which was enacted by the papacy made it legal to torture and execute people who challenged Christian doctrine.
Through the use of leading questions and a variety of coercive measures, the accused would almost inevitably admit to some form of devilry.
Another assumption is that the Black Death that reoccurred across Europe, mysteriously killed thousands of people in its path, influenced this socially turbulent period.
It made people panic, and neighbors and friends began informing on each other in an attempt to appear innocent of witchcraft. The conflict between religious ideologies also aided the witch-hunts.
After the Reformation movement started in the 16th century, clerics vigorously sermonized on the danger of witchcraft among the people, and both Catholics and Protestants were burnt as witches in each other's territories.
The witch-hunts started to decline when Europe attained social stability following the end of the Thirty Years' War in 1648. Superstition was slowly replaced by rational thought as a means to explain society's hardships in what would become the Age of Enlightenment.
Today, although most superstitions seem to have disappeared, we can't say that there is no possibility of another witch-hunt as long as a fear of the unknown still remains in the form of social intolerance or discrimination.
*The Inquisition : a court established by the Roman Catholic Church to find and punish people who opposed its beliefs.
대진여고학생들 및 교사분 들께 도움이 미약하나마 도움이 되면 좋겠습니다.
이어지는 내용 : 분석 동영상 및 빈칸/어법/어휘/문단배열 등 변형문제
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